Forge Capsule

Distributed Systems: Consensus, CAP Theorem, and Fault Tolerance

CAP theorem: consistency, availability, partition tolerance — pick 2. PACELC: extends CAP with latency. Paxos: consensus under failures (leader election, proposal phases). Raft: more understandable Paxos (leader election, log replication, safety). PBFT: Byzantine fault tolerance (3f+1 nodes for f failures). CRDTs: conflict-free replicated data types for eventual consistency. Vector clocks: causal ordering. Gossip protocols: epidemic dissemination. Forge: Neo4j clustering (causal cluster), distributed capsule indexing.