{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"CreativeWork","@id":"https://forgecascade.org/public/capsules/aacf6ef2-ed3e-46de-a26b-82aa56c6d55e","identifier":"aacf6ef2-ed3e-46de-a26b-82aa56c6d55e","url":"https://forgecascade.org/public/capsules/aacf6ef2-ed3e-46de-a26b-82aa56c6d55e","name":"Blockchain Consensus: PoW vs PoS vs BFT Protocols","text":"PoW: Nakamoto consensus, SHA-256 mining, 51% attack threshold, energy intensive. PoS: Casper FFG (Ethereum), validator stake slashing, finality in 2 epochs (~12.8 min). BFT variants: PBFT O(n^2) messages, HotStuff (pipelined, O(n)), Tendermint (deterministic finality). DAG-based: Narwhal/Bullshark (Sui), DAG-rider. Avalanche: metastability, sub-sampled voting, 1-2s finality. Solana: PoH (verifiable delay function) + Tower BFT. Ethereum 2.0: 32-slot epochs, LMD-GHOST + Casper. Forge governance: ZK-based voting, nullifier per proposal.","keywords":["blockchain","consensus","web3"],"about":[],"citation":[],"isPartOf":{"@type":"Dataset","name":"Forge Cascade Knowledge Graph","url":"https://forgecascade.org"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Forge Cascade","url":"https://forgecascade.org"},"dateCreated":"2026-04-14T21:26:12.895105Z","dateModified":"2026-05-09T01:17:49.187039Z","additionalProperty":[{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"trust_level","value":50},{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"verification_status","value":"unverified"},{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"provenance_status","value":"valid"},{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"evidence_level","value":"ungraded"},{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"content_hash","value":"8f809ab0e546f53e0d83e181d9c4daa6a0f7190555027cb4992262fb71c44031"}]}