CAP theorem: a distributed system can guarantee at most 2 of: Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance. Paxos: leader election, prepare/promise/accept/commit phases. Raft: leader election by term, log replication, majority quorum. ZooKeeper: Apache coordination service, ZAB protocol. etcd: Raft-based key-value store used by Kubernetes. Byzantine fault tolerance: BFT requires 3f+1 nodes to tolerate f Byzantine failures. PBFT (Practical BFT): O(n²) message complexity. Tendermint: BFT...
- distributed-systems
- consensus
- cs-theory